La patologia digitale nei paesi in via di sviluppo — Consentire operazioni da remoto nel corso della pandemia da COVID-19 e non solo

Without warning, COVID-19 slowly but robustly penetrated all nations globally, irrespective of their financial status, geography, and climate conditions. The entire world scenario changed beyond our imagination, and we had to go into lockdown. Other than the emergency departments of hospitals, all of the non-emergency departments were partially closed. Histopathology departments also lost their pace and were restricted only to emergency surgical cases. Since COVID-19 predominantly has adverse effects on people over age 50 and those who have comorbidities, particularly those involving respiratory difficulty, a large proportion of the experienced pathology faculty remained at home or reduced their time in the lab to avoid unnecessary exposure.

No one knows how long the world will have to deal with a lockdown situation or whether there will be an emergence of a new wave of the pandemic, which would result in another lockdown. In these situations, histopathologists (particularly those working in developing countries) will have to change their strategy and prepare themselves to work predominately at home. In this era of uncertainty, digital pathology can act as a ray of hope, which facilitates pathologists working at home and, by a single click on their computer screens, perform their duties without risking their health and life.

Histopathology is considered the gold standard for most medical diagnoses.¹ Histopathology is a subjective field that largely depends on a pathologist’s interpretation of the morphology of tissue. It has been almost two decades since the introduction of the whole slide imaging (WSI) scanner. During this time, various WSI devices have transformed the field of pathology.² Digital pathology is a novel technology and is currently being implemented worldwide.³ Digital and computational pathology, partnered with artificial intelligence software and machine learning, set the stage for a groundbreaking shift in laboratory operations. Digital pathology enables the pathologist to perform most of their work at home. Numerous validation studies have been published indicating that WSI is a reliable tool for routine diagnosis in surgical pathology.^{4, 5, 6, 7} Unfortunately, due to the high cost of a pathology slide scanner, it remains cost-prohibitive in most of the labs in third world countries. Though the pandemic will eventually end, its lasting effects will likely lead to permanent changes in how we live and work. We are becoming accustomed to remote technologies and the conveniences they offer. Although we will eventually go back to our regular workload, we will want to rely on these computer-based tools in many workplace environments as we settle into the reality of a post-COVID-19 world.

Digital pathology, which captures high-resolution images of tissue specimens, has been pivotal in enabling pathologists to maintain operations during the pandemic situation. These digital images can be viewed anywhere and easily shared for second opinions and consults, or in digital teaching sets, overcoming the limitations of working with physical glass slides and microscopes. The practice of sharing images at a distance is referred to as telepathology.

The COVID-19 crisis has offered pathologists, including those in Pakistan, no choice but to work from home, and this has broken down some of the regulatory barriers. It is evident that digital pathology and the new standard operating procedures will address pathologists’ urgent needs in the current crisis situation and afterward.