A Deeper Insight on How the Ecosystem Concept may Affect the Implementation of AI in Pathology

Digital pathology provides for better patient healthcare by offering excellent quality in pathology diagnosis, improving efficiency in microscopic evaluation, minimizing eventual errors (e.g., making sure that the whole slide has been reviewed), and allowing for automation of image analysis, to improve objectivity and reproducibility in routine tasks like biomarker quantification.
In the evolution towards personalized medicine, the Systems Pathology concept was established by 2010, and it was defined as the integration of clinical, morphological, molecular, and quantitative assessment using new mathematical methodologies ¹. Other approaches, like Computational Pathology, are also based on an integrated view of medical informatics and diagnostic machine learning ².
The integration of AI in pathology must be envisioned as a global strategy, comprising not only imaging data. New natural language processing algorithms play a very interesting role in voice recognition, automatic coding, synoptic reports completion, or data analytics, amongst others. But deep learning also offers a new approach in Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) data processing, since convolutional neural networks are being trained to improve NGS variant filtering and the rest of the nucleic acid sequencing workflow ³.
Furthermore, this global strategy should embrace not only pathology but also radiology and -omics data in a big data convergence approach, as described by Madabhushi and Lee ⁴.
This integrated digital pathology ecosystem is only possible to maintain in the long term when international interoperability standards are followed. An effective integration of AI solutions in digital pathology can also benefit from standards and initiatives like Health Level Seven (HL7), Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) for messaging between information systems, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) for image management, and Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) for coding and concept normalization. Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) defines how to use all these standards, which also includes a Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (PaLM) domain.
Whole slide imaging (WSI) scanner manufacturers are also helping in this evolution of digital pathology towards artificial intelligence, by implementing the capability to directly generate DICOM files, accepting HL7 messaging, or adapting other international standards, like ICC profiles in color management.
We also must be prepared for the integration of emerging technologies (multiphoton microscopy, spatially resolved transcriptomics). Some of these technologies may significantly affect first research workflow, and later, clinical workflow. For instance, using deep learning algorithms applied to multiphoton microscopy, it is possible to distinguish cancerous versus non-cancerous tissue with 100% accuracy, and this approach has been suggested for rapid intra-operative assessment of glioma surgery ⁵. One of the advantages of deep learning in AI is the capability to work simultaneously with multiple types of data from different sources to discover new predictions and link different data together. In this sense, hematoxylin-eosin digital slides can be used by a deep learning algorithm to predict the immunohistochemical expression, the possible geographical probability of DNA or RNA mutations in the tissue, the specific treatment response, or even the overall survival of a patient.
There are very interesting approaches for designing Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems based on deep learning to implement efficient search engines in pathology ⁶. Other authors have connected hematoxylin-eosin with genomics by defining a dictionary of “visual words” derived from images that allow linking phenotypical features extracted from images with some molecular pathway activity to predict prognosis in low grade gliomas ⁷.
Deep learning algorithms can extract an unforeseen amount of data from hematoxylin-eosin or Papanicolaou stained sections, finding new morphological patterns or helping in objective quantification. This will allow an even greater boost in the use of these basic stains, being such affordable techniques and their high cost-effectiveness in diagnosis.